Understanding the international consensus for acute pancreatitis: classification of atlanta 2012 / Entendendo o consenso internacional para as pancreatites agudas: classificação de atlanta 2012

ABSTRACT Introduction: Contrast computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used due to its image quality and ability to study pancreatic and peripancreatic morphology. The understanding of the various subtypes of the disease and identification of possible complications requires a familiarity with the terminology, which allows effective communication between the different members of the multidisciplinary team. Aim: Demonstrate the terminology and parameters to identify the different classifications and findings of the disease based on the international consensus for acute pancreatitis ( Atlanta Classification 2012). Methods: Search and analysis of articles in the "CAPES Portal de Periódicos with headings "acute pancreatitis" and "Atlanta Review". Results: Were selected 23 articles containing radiological descriptions, management or statistical data related to pathology. Additional statistical data were obtained from Datasus and Population Census 2010. The radiological diagnostic criterion adopted was the Radiology American College system. The "acute pancreatitis - 2012 Rating: Review Atlanta classification and definitions for international consensus" tries to eliminate inconsistency and divergence from the determination of uniformity to the radiological findings, especially the terminology related to fluid collections. More broadly as "pancreatic abscess" and "phlegmon" went into disuse and the evolution of the collection of patient fluids can be described as "acute peripancreatic collections", "acute necrotic collections", "pseudocyst" and "necrosis pancreatic walled or isolated". Conclusion: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance represent the best techniques with sequential images available for diagnosis. Standardization of the terminology is critical and should improve the management of patients with multiple professionals care, risk stratification and adequate treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: A tomografia computadorizada contrastada e a ressonância magnética são exames amplamente utilizados no estudo da morfologia pancreática e peripancreática. O entendimento dos diversos subtipos da doença e identificação de suas possíveis complicações requer familiaridade com a terminologia padrão, a qual permite comunicação efetiva entre os diversos membros da equipe multidisciplinar. Objetivo: Demonstrar terminologia e os parâmetros para identificação das diferentes classificações da doença a partir do consenso internacional para as pancreatites agudas (Classificação de Atlanta 2012. Método: Busca e análise de artigos no "Portal de Periódicos da CAPES" com descritores "pancreatite aguda" e "Revisão de Atlanta". Resultado : Foram selecionados 23 artigos que continham descrições radiológicas, manejo ou dados estatísticos relacionados à doença. Dados estatísticos adicionais foram obtidos no sistema Datasus e Censo Demográfico 2010. O critério de diagnóstico radiológico adotado foi o do Colégio Americano de Radiologia. A "Classificação da pancreatite aguda - 2012: revisão da classificação de Atlanta e definições por consenso internacional" tenta eliminar a inconsistência e divergências a partir da determinação de uniformidade para os achados radiológicos, em especial à terminologia relacionada às coleções de fluidos. Termos mais abrangentes como "abscesso pancreático" e "flegmão" entraram em desuso e a evolução da coleção de fluidos pode ser descrita como: "coleções peripancreáticas agudas", "coleções necróticas agudas", "pseudocisto" e "necrose pancreática murada ou isolada". Conclusão: A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética representam as melhores técnicas com cortes sequenciais disponíveis para diagnóstico. A adequação da terminologia é ponto crítico e deve permitir o manejo do paciente por múltiplos profissionais, estratificação de risco e adequação de tratamento.

Could Transgastric Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration Alone Be Effective for the Treatment of Pancreatic Abscesses?

Drainage of pancreatic abscesses is required for effective control of sepsis. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided endoscopic drainage is less invasive than surgery and prevents local complications related to percutaneous drainage. Endoscopic drainage with stent placement in the uncinate process of the pancreas is a technically difficult procedure. We report a case of pancreatic abscess treated by repeated EUS-guided aspiration and intravenous antibiotics without an indwelling drainage catheter or surgical intervention.

Clinical value of transgastric endoscopic surgery for the treatment of pancreatic abscess or pancreatic cyst and infection / 中华消化外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical value of transgastrie endoscopic surgery for the treatment of pancreatic abscess or pancreatic cyst and infection.MethodsThe clinical data of 22 patients with pancreatic abscess or pancreatic cyst and infection who underwent transgastric puncture and drainage or transgastric debridement under the guidance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) at the Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University from July 2008 to August 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were comfirmed with bacteria infection after liquid aspiration culture. Patients with pancreatic abscess underwent endoscopic transgastric debridement,and for patients with pancreatic cyst and infection,10 F double pigtail stent and 8.5 F nasal bile duct were placed for drainage.ResultsThe results of liquid aspiration culture confirmed that 2 patients were infected by staphylococcus aureus,3 by proteus mirabilis,4 by pseudomonas aeruginosa,4 by klebsiella and 9 by escherichia coli bacilli.The double pigtail stent and nasal bile duct were installed under EUS (16 patients) or duodenoscope (6 patients).The lesions of 9 patients with pancreatic abscess were healed after endoscopic transgastric debridement with an average period of (6.5 + 1.8 )weeks,and the lesions of 13 patients with pancreatic cyst and infection were healed after transgastric puncture and drainage under the guidance of EUS with an average period of ( 8.3 ± 2.1 ) weeks.All patients were followed up for 2 years,and no recurrence of pancreatic abscess or pancreatic cyst was observed.ConclusionThe effect of transgastric endoscopic surgery for the treatment of pancreatic abscess or pancreatic cyst and infection is satisfactory.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis with pancreatic abscess due to Prevotella species in a diabetic.

Acute pancreatitis occasionally presents as pancreatic abscess with complications like pleural effusion and ascites. There are several pre-disposing factors, the most common being cholelithiaisis, alcohol abuse, infective causes, trauma, and metabolic causes such as diabetic ketoacidosis, while some cases are idiopathic. Here, we report a rare case of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a 40-year-old male who presented with pain in the abdomen, ascites and left basal pleural effusion. A computerized tomography (CT) scan showed findings suggestive of pancreatic necrosis, with abscess formation and free-fluid surrounding area. The aspirated pus sample was processed for Gram staining and culture, which yielded growth of Prevotella species in an anaerobic culture. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and intra-abdominal collection drained. Necrosectomy of the distal tail and body of the pancreas was performed. The patient was started on antibiotics and along with supportive treatment, responded well.

Tricuspid Valve Repair for Active Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Vertebral Osteomyelitis and a Pancreatic Abscess / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 65-year-old man was admitted with a high fever and back pain. Because magnetic resonance imaging revealed osteomyelitis in the lumbar spine, we started antibiotic therapy. Echocardiography revealed large vegetation on the tricuspid valve, and abdominal contrast computed tomography revealed a pancreatic abscess. As the vegetation increased in size and mobility it became non-responsive to medical treatment, and surgical removal of the vegetation with tricuspid valve repair were therefore performed. After additional antibiotic therapy, he was discharged 42 days after surgery. No further recurrence of endocarditis has been observed as of the time of writing.

Acute Ischemic Hepatitis and Pancreatic Abscess after Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Case Report

Acute ischemic hepatitis and pancreatic abscess after aortic surgery are not common gastrointestinal complications. We report here on a case of ischemic hepatitis and pancreatic abscess that occurred sequentially after elective AAA (abdominial aortic aneurysm) repair. The patient recovered with careful supportive management and external drainage without the graft becoming infected.

A Case of a Pancreatic Abscess Complicating Endoscopic Sphincterotomy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) has gained wide acceptance as a valuable tool for the management of disease of the pancreas and biliary tract. Complications associated with an EST include bleeding, perforation, pancreatitis and cholangitis, and the incidence of complications is approximately 5~10%. A pancreatic abscess can develop rarely after an EST and tends to have a more complicated course, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a pancreatic abscess that complicated an EST in a 61-year-old woman with a primary common bile duct stone. The patient was successfully cured by treatment with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although a pancreatic abscess is one of the rare delayed complications that can develop after an EST, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a complaint of abdominal pain after an EST because of a high mortality rate and the need for prompt management

Cambio en la microbiología de los abscesos pancreáticos en el Hospital Regional de Temuco: Serie de casos / Microbiology of pancreatic abscesses in a Chilean Regional Hospital

Introducción: El principal mecanismo involucrado en la infección pancreática es la translocación bacteriana de la flora intestinal a la necrosis pancreática lo que coincide con los organismos más frecuentemente encontrados: Escherichia coli (25%-35%), Klebsiella spp (10%-25%), Enterobacter spp (3%-7%). El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la microbiología, la sensibilidad antibiótica de los gérmenes aislados y los esquemas antibióticos utilizados en una serie de pacientes con abscesos pancreáticos que fueron operados en el Hospital Regional de Temuco. Material y Método: estudio de serie de casos. Se incluyeron sujetos con diagnóstico de absceso pancreático, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en los servicios de cirugía y urgencias del Hospital Regional de Temuco en el período enero de 2004 a marzo de 2005. Los cultivos de las colecciones se siembran en agar sangre y agar Mac Conkey; la sensibilidad in vitro a los antibióticos se realiza por medio de método cualitativo con sensidiscos para cada tipo de antibiótico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes. Las bacterias más frecuentemente aisladas fueron Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter baumannii y Estafiliococo aureus Meticilino Resistente (SAMR) cada una presente en 2 cultivos. Se aisló en 1 cultivo Candida spp. Las bacterias gram negativas fueron sensibles a las quinolonas en 40% y todas fueron sensibles a los carbapenem. Conclusiones: La microbiología de los abscesos pancreáticos presenta un cambio en relación a los reportes previos de la literatura. Las bacterias más frecuentemente aisladas en los abscesos pancreáticos de nuestra serie son bacterias gramnegativas multiresistentes y SAMR. El esquema antibiótico más frecuente fue la combinación de carbapenem y vancomicina en 5 pacientes.

Background: Pancreatic infections during pancreatitis are caused by bacterial translocation of the intestinal flora into areas pancreatic necrosis. Thus, the main organisms involved are Echerichia coli in 25 to 35% of cases, Klebsiella spp in 10 to 25% and Enterobacter spp in 3% to 7%. Aim: To describe the microbiological features and antimicrobial sensitivity of pancreatic abscesses, operated at Temuco Regional Hospital. Materials and Methods: Subjects with a pancreatic abscess and operated in the surgical and emergency services of Temuco Regional Hospital between January 2004 and March 2005, were studied. The samples collected were incubated in blood and MacConkey agar plates. The in vitro sensitivity to antimicrobials was assessed using a qualitative method with sensidiscs for each antimicrobial. Results: Ten patients were studied. Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus were found, each in two cultures. Candida spp. was isolated from one culture. Forty percent of Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to quinolones and all were sensitive to carbapenem. Conclusions: The most commonly isolated bacteria in pancreatic abscesses in our series were multiresistant gram-negative bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The efficacy and clinical application value of endoscopic transpapillary cyst drainage on the huge pancreatic pseudocysts and pancreatic abscess / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and clinical application value of endoscopic transpapillary cyst drainage(ETCD)on huge pancreatic pseudocysts(HPP)and pancreatic abscess.Methods According to unification standard from 2003 Jun to 2006 Jun,to select 10 disquisitive cases,in which patients with uninfected HPP were 8 cases and that with infected HPP was 1 case,and pancreatic abscess was 1 case.ETCD was adopted in all cases.The clinical treatment process and the change of relative investigation subjects were retrospectively studied.Results Endoscopic transpapillary treatment failed in 1 case,postoperative infection of HPP occurred in 2 cases and acute pancreatitis was found in 1 case.Mean follow-up was 16.5 months in 8 cases.Finally,four patients had complete resolution of HPP,3 cases had partial resolution,and the remains cavity of HPP was formed in 1 caes.Acute grave pancreatitis were cured in 2 cases and Chronic pancreatitis had resolution in 6 cases.Conclusion ETCD was safe and efficient in HPP and pancreatic abscess.Postoperative infection of HPP was the familiar complication,and obstruction of drainage path of HPP was major cause.So the crux of complications precaution and treatment was that the drainage path of HPP was unhindered.

Definitive Treatment of Infected Pancreatic Fluid Collection by Endoscopic Transmural Drainage / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent experience with endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts prompted the use of a similar technique for the primary treatment of infected pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) such as pancreatic abscess and infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). The aim of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic transmural drainage for the primary treatment of infected PFC complicating acute pancreatitis. METHODS: In 11 patients, a total of 13 infected PFC (11 pancreatic abscesses and 2 IPNs) compressing the stomach, duodenum, or both were drained endoscopically by means of an endoscopic fistulization followed by stent (s) placement alone or additional nasopancreatic catheter insertion. Complete resolution of PFC was defined as the absence of symptoms and no residual collection on the follow-up computed tomography. RESULTS: Complete resolution was achieved in 12 infected PFC (92%) (10 pancreatic abscesses and 2 IPNs) after stent placement for a mean duration of 31 days. For IPN and 2 pancreatic abscess, insertion of a nasopancreatic catheter was required to irrigate thick pus or necrotic debris. There was 1 case of bleeding (8%) but no mortality. CONCULSIONS: Endoscopic transmural drainage is an effective therapy with minimal morbidity for infected pancreatic fluid collection compressing the gut lumen and is a valuable alternative to surgical drainage.

Drenagem endoscópica de abscesso pancreático / Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic abscess

Surgical drainage is still considered the gold standard treatment of pancreatic abscess. Patients with high surgical risk, however, require alternative therapy. The authors report three cases of pancreatic abscess that were treated endoscopically. In patients who met endoscopic drainage criteria, treatment was effective, though one case did require surgical intervention as a result of gastric puncture point bleeding. After this initial experience, we believe that endoscopic drainage should be considered in selected cases.

Surgical treatment of patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess / 临床外科杂志

Objective To investigate surgical treatment methods of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated pancreatit necrosis (IPN) and pancreatic abscess (PA). Methods The operation of removing pancreatic abscess,infected necrosis tissues in the pancreas and peripancreatic tissues were performed. Additional, abdominal cavity infusion and drainage also were performed.Results 12 patients with IPN and 3 patients with PA were cured. Four times of operation was performed in a paitents with IPN and his corpus vertebras are infected and destructed. Another patients was relapsed after 1 year and was again performed 2 times of operation. The patient is in the stage of recovery.Conclusions IPN and PA are severe complications of severe acute pancreatitis. If image examination were showed that hydrops could not be extincted in the pancreas and peripancreas, operative therapy should be performed.

A Case of Pancreatic Abscesses Complicating Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Interferon Therapy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A patient experienced a silent gallstone accompanied by acute severe pancreatitis during interferon theraphy for renal cell carcinoma. Although the gallstone was highly suspected to be the cause of the pancreatits, there were no duodenoscopic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings suggesting gallstone pancreatitis such as papillitis, impacted papillary and common bile duct stones, and/or a wider cystic or pancreatic duct, respectively. It is believed that the acute pancreatitis in the presenting case was probably caused by interferon because 1) sludge nor biliary crystal was not detected by light microscopic examination, 2) no tumors, anomalies, nor any obstructing ductal lesions in the pancreas were found, 3) this patient had no other potential causes of acute pancreatitis, and 4) there was no use of potential drugs which could be responsible for the acute pancreatitis other than interferon. In addition, trials of endoscopic drainage of complicated pancreatic abscesses were discussed.

A Case of Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Abscess with Biliary Stent / 대한내과학회지

Pancreatic abscess is a highly lethal infectious complication of acute pancreatitis despite a wide variety of operative approaches and percutaneous drainage for the treatment. Surgical drainage has its limitation because of high postoperative mortality, recurrence, operative hemorrhage and/or gastrointestinal fistula. Percutaneous drainage has been used only as a temporizing measure prior to operation in critically ill patient or as additional modality for a postoperative recurrent abscess. Endoscopic drainage can be indicated as a primary therapy for the well-localized paraintestinal pancreatic abscess bulging into the duodenal or gastric lumen, as it has been proven successful in patients with pancreatic pseudocyst compressing duodenum or stomach. However, the report is rare. We report a case of pancreatic abscess successfully treated with endoscopic drainage without any complications.

A Case of Pancreatic Abscess Due to Salmonella Typhi / 대한내과학회지

Salmonella infection occurs in 5 different clinical forms; gasteroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, chronic carried state and localization at one or more sites. Extraintestinal pyogenic infections caused by salmonella species include soft tissue abscesses, bone and joint infections, cholecystitis, liver abscess and splenic abscess etc. Pancreatic abscess due to Salmonella typhi is a very rare extraintestinal manifestation of salmonellosis. Infection pathways may be considered as reflux of infected bile through the pancreatic duct, hematogenous spread from a distant site or lymphatic spread from the intestinal tract. Treatment of pancreatic abscess needs surgical intervention and antibiotics therapy. We have experienced a case of a 40-years-old female with pancreatic abscess due to Salmonella typhi. She was treated with ultrasonography-guided catheter drainage and intravenous ceftriaxone for 18 days. After 14 days, the sonographic examination revealed the abscess cavity in pancreas almost disappeared. We report this case with review of literatures.